Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan by William Dalrymple
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Highly Recommended
Despite the significant failures experienced in Vietnam, the idea of American exceptionalism remained deeply ingrained in the U.S. national psyche till 2000. Then, 9/11 happened. A focused military-intelligence operation targeting the perpetrators of 9/11 could have addressed domestic demands for justice. Alas, Bush administration launched a large-scale ground invasion of Afghanistan. USA withdrew ultimately from war scarred land of Afghanistan, marking the end of a twenty-year military presence. They couldn't capture and run a dummy Afghan government. Sounds familiar !
The aphorism “History does not repeat itself, but it often rhymes” is evident in these events when the United States withdrew from Afghanistan in 2021, echoing past foreign interventions in the country. The rapid collapse of Afghanistan’s government and swift Taliban resurgence after the U.S. exit underscore the complex consequences of such interventions, mirroring historical patterns seen in other empires’ engagements in the region.
Afghan historian Mirza 'Ata' wrote after 1842, and his words remain equally true today: “It is certainly no easy thing to invade or govern the Kingdom of Khurasan.” Long before, Americans and Soviets, the British learned this lesson. The exodus of the British from Afghanistan in 1842 was another horror show under British Generals. It is a travesty that history remembers outsized egos and oversized ambitions, even in the graveyard of empires. In this context, William Dalrymple's masterful retelling of Britain's greatest imperial disaster is a very important book. This is a story of the First Anglo-Afghan War, Britain's greatest defeat of the nineteenth century.
The narrative of the book centers on the lives of Afghan rulers Shah Shuja Durrani and Dost Mohammad Khan, who were ensnared in the imperial rivalry famously dubbed The Great Game as the American historian David Fromkin observed, "no matter how far-fetched" such a British interpretation might be. In 1837-1838, Qajar Persia, supported by Russia, besieged the Afghan city of Herat, a crucial grain-producing region historically claimed by Persia; British intervention and Afghan defense prevented Persian capture, marking a key event in the Great Game power struggle.
In the late 1830s, the British feared Russian expansion into British India through Afghanistan and the rising Sikh power under Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Governor-General Lord Auckland saw Russian envoy Jan Prosper Witkiewicz’s Kabul mission and Dost Mohammad Khan’s dealings as a major threat. The British chose to back exiled Shah Shuja Durrani, allying with the Sikh Empire to restore him to power in Kabul. In 1838, while Lord Palmerston, John Hobhouse, and Lord Auckland orchestrated the invasion with the East India Company forces, Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Dal Khalsa only marched in the ceremonial review but refrained from active combat beyond Peshawar. The book details on precursor events and the beginning of the First Anglo-Afghan War, which was fought to secure British India against perceived Russian and Islamic alliances.
The book explores further how the British presence in Afghanistan incited profound discontent, rooted in disregard for the tribal cultural norms and economic strain on local communities, inciting rebellion. The book offers a detailed account of the calamitous British withdrawal amid brutal reprisals, capturing a cycle of resistance and retaliation that remains relevant to today’s geopolitical context. All the major tribes—Achakzais, Ghilzais, Durrani, and Barakzais—are present in the story, highlighting the complex tapestry of Afghan politics and society.
Afghans understood their topography, religious aspirations, and social fabric far better than the British. The British strategy of territorial conquest to secure boundaries ignited costly conflicts, resulting in significant sacrifices of both innocent and guilty alike. The narrative begins with stories of diplomatic tension and political maneuvering, featuring characters embodying deceit, friendship, chivalry, incompetence, and brutality. The story ends with death, plunder, rape, survival, and retribution. Dalrymple’s portrayal places these characters—both British and Afghan—at the center, either as instruments or victims of the war.
William Dalrymple’s book is lucidly written, although it sometimes digresses from the core narrative and adopts a chatty tone. However, this stylistic freedom is understandable given the painstaking research underpinning the study. Dalrymple draws extensively from Afghan sources, including Dari and Persian accounts, which enrich the narrative beyond the usual colonial perspective. This approach brings an intimate, nuanced view of the First Anglo-Afghan War, showcasing the voices and experiences often overlooked by traditional histories.
The great Palestinian, Edward W. Said’s observation resonates here: “Every empire, however, tells itself and the world that it is unlike all other empires, that its mission is not to plunder and control but to educate and liberate.” Yet, history has repeatedly shown that empires and foreign military adventures often leave behind a place worse off than when they found it.